Muna 1872, munyori weIrish Sheridan Le Fanu akaburitswa carmilla, novella mune serial fomu iyo yaizogadzirisazve vampire fiction subgenre yenguva dzese. Iyo ngano yemukadzi wechidiki akakombwa neakanaka uye ane hunhu hwevakadzi vampire yakamutsa fungidziro dzevaverengi vake panguva iyoyo uye yaizopedzisira yave imwe yeanozivikanwa manyorerwo enguva dzese, kutora nzvimbo yayo padhuze nemamwe echinyakare echinyakare kusanganisira Mufananidzo weDorian Grey uye Dracula zvese zviri zviviri zvakatangira.

Hupenyu hwaSheridan Le Fanu

James Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu akazvarwa mumhuri yekunyora muna Nyamavhuvhu 28, 1814. Baba vake, Thomas Philip Le Fanu vaive mufundisi weChechi yeIreland naamai vake Emma Lucretia Dobbin aive munyori ane basa rakakurumbira raive nhoroondo yaDr Charles Orpen, chiremba weIreland uye mufundisi uyo akatanga iyo Claremont Institution yeVasina Matsi uye mbeveve kuGlasnevin, Dublin.

Ambuya vaLe Fanu, Alicia Sheridan Le Fanu, nasekuru vake Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan vese vaive vanyori vemitambo nemuzukuru wake Rhoda Broughton akava munyori wenhau akabudirira.

Muhupenyu hwake hwekutanga hwevanhu vakuru, Le Fanu akadzidza mutemo paTrinity College muDublin asi haana kumbobvira aidzidzira basa, achirisiya kumashure kuti aende kunhau. Aizoenderera kuve nemapepanhau akati wandei muhupenyu hwake kusanganisira iyo Dublin Manheru Manheru iyo yakaendesa manheru mapepanhau kweanoda kusvika makore zana nemakumi mana.

Yakanga iri panguva iyi Sheridan Le Fanu akatanga kuvaka mukurumbira wake semunyori weGothic fikisi kutanga ne "The Ghost neBone-Setter" iyo yakatanga kuburitswa muna 1838 mu Dublin University Magazini uye akave chikamu chenguva yake yekuunganidza Mapepa ePurcell, muunganidzwa wenyaya dzese dzinonzi dzakatorwa muzvinyorwa zvakavanzika zvemufundisi weparishi anonzi Madzibaba Purcell.

Muna 1844, Le Fanu akaroora Susanna Bennett uye vaviri vacho vaizoita vana vana pamwechete. Susanna akarwara ne "hysteria" uye "neurotic zviratidzo" zvakaramba zvichiwedzera nekufamba kwenguva uye muna 1858, akafa mushure me "kurwisa kwekutya." Le Fanu haana kunyora nyaya imwe chete kwemakore matatu zvichitevera kufa kwaSusanna. Muchokwadi, haana kutora chinyoreso chake kuti anyore chero chinhu kunze kwekunyorerana pachezvake kudzamara mushure mekufa kwamai vake muna 1861.

Kubva muna 1861 kusvika parufu rwake muna 1873, zvakadaro, kunyora kwaLe Fanu kwakawedzera. Akaburitsa nyaya dzinoverengeka, kuunganidzwa uye novellas kusanganisira carmilla, yakatanga kuburitswa senhevedzano uyezve muunganidzwa wayo wenyaya dzakanzi Mugirazi Rima.

carmilla

Yakapihwa seyakadzidzwa naDr. Hesselius, mutikitivha wezvemashiripiti, iyo novella inorondedzerwa nemukadzi wechidiki akanaka anonzi Laura uyo anogara nababa vake muimba yega yega kumaodzanyemba kweAustria.

Semwana mudiki, Laura ane chiratidzo chemukadzi akamushanyira mudzimba dzake dzakavanzika uye anoti akabayiwa zamu nemukadzi, kunyangwe pasina ronda rakawanikwa.

Flash kumberi makore gumi nemaviri gare gare, Laura nababa vake vachiri vanofara chaizvo apo musikana wechienzi uye akanaka musikana anonzi Carmilla anosvika pamusuwo wavo mushure metsaona yengoro. Pane imwe nguva yekuziva pakarepo pakati paLaura naCarmilla. Vanoratidzika kunge vachirangarirana kubva kuhope dzavaive nadzo vachiri vana.

"Amai" vaCarmilla vanoronga kuti mukadzi mudiki agare naLaura nababa vake pamuzinda kusvika iye azotorwa uye munguva pfupi ivo vaviri vava shamwari dzakanakisa kunyangwe zvaimboitika zvekare. Carmilla anoramba zvakasimba kubatana nemhuri iyi muminamato, anorara kusvika mukati mezuva rese, uye dzimwe nguva anoita sekurara usiku. Iye zvakare anoita kufambidzana kwerudo kuna Laura nguva nenguva.

Zvichakadaro, mumusha uri padyo, vakadzi vechidiki vanotanga kufa nechirwere chisinga tsanangurike. Sezvo huwandu hwekufa hunowedzera, saizvozvowo kutya uye kusagadzikana mumusha.

Kutumirwa kwemifananidzo kunosvika panhare, uye pakati pavo pane pendi yaMircalla, Countess Karnstein, tateguru waLaura uyo akafanana naCarmilla.

Laura anotanga kurota hope dzechikara chisingazivikanwe chinopinda mumba make usiku ndokumurwisa, achibaya chipfuva chake nemazino asati atora chimiro chemukadzi akanaka uye achinyangarika nepahwindo.

Hutano hwaLaura hunotanga kudzikira uye mushure mekunge chiremba awana ronda diki pazamu rake, baba vake vanorairwa kuti vasamusiye ega.

Iyo nyaya inoenderera kubva ipapo sezvinoita vakawanda. Izvo zvinoonekwa kuti Carmilla naMircalla ndemumwe chete uye iye anokurumidza kutumirwa nekubviswa musoro wake mushure meizvozvo vanopisa muviri wake ndokumukanda madota murwizi.

Laura haatombopora kubva padambudziko rake.

carmilla'S Pazasi uye Kwete Saka Pasi Pesviro Themes

Kubva pamusangano wavo wekutanga, pane kukwezva pakati paLaura naCarmilla izvo zvakamutsa gakava rakawanda, kunyanya pakati pevadzidzi vemazuva ano mune queer theory.

Kune rimwe divi, pane kunyengera kusingarambiki kunoitika mukati memapeji 108 kana kudaro enyaya yacho. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvisinei, zvakaoma kuti usaverenga iko kunyengedza sechisimba uchifunga kuti chinangwa chikuru chaCarmilla kuba hupenyu hwaLaura.

Le Fanu, iye pachake, akasiya nyaya yacho isina kujeka. Kufambira mberi nekunyengera, chaizvo chero chinhu chakanongedzera kuhukama hwevabonde pakati pevaviri, hunoratidzika sehumwe hunyengeri. Izvi zvainyatsodikanwa panguva iyoyo uye munhu anofanirwa kushamisika kana murume uyu akange anyora novel kunyange makore makumi matatu gare gare kuti nyaya yacho ingadai yakanyorwa sei zvakasiyana.

Kunyange zvakadaro, carmilla yakava ari chirongwa chevabonde vevampire hunhu hwaizove dingindira rakanyanya mumabhuku uye mufirimu muzana ramakore rechi20.

Anongobata vakadzi nevasikana. Iye anovandudza hukama hwepedyo hwehukama nevamwe vake vechikadzi vanobatwa nehunhu husingarambike uye hwerudo kune iwo hukama.

Kupfuurirazve, chimiro chake chemhuka chaive katsi nhema nhema, chiratidzo chinozivikanwa chekunyora uroyi, mashiripiti, uye zvepabonde zvevakadzi.

Kana dzese idzi misoro yatorwa pamwe chete, Carmilla / Mircalla anova munhu anoratidzira ngochani nemagariro uye zvebonde zvezana ramakore rechi19 zvakamusundira paari kusanganisira chirevo chekuti anofanirwa kufa pakupedzisira.

Nhaka yaCarmilla

carmilla ingangodaro yanga isiri iyo vampire nyaya munhu wese aitaura nezvayo kupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, asi yakanga yasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwike pamhando yekunyepedzera uye nekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 sezvo firimu rakava rinonyanya kuzivikanwa svikiro, yaive yakagadzirira kuchinjika.

Handidi kuenda kune ese - kune mugove-Asi ini ndoda kurova mashoma akasimbisa, ndonongedza mabatirwo akaitwa nyaya yemunhu.

Mumwe wemienzaniso yekutanga yaiyoyi wakauya muma1936 Mwanasikana waDracula. Akateerana kusvika kuma1931 Dracula, iyo firimu yakaratidza Gloria Holden saCountess Marya Zaleska uye yakanyanya kudhirowa carmilla'' Misoro yenyikadzikadzi vampire. Panguva iyo firimu raigadzirwa, iyo Hays Code yaive yakasimba munzvimbo iyo yakaita kuti novella ive sarudzo yakasarudzika yezvinhu zvekushandisa.

Sezvineiwo, iye Countess anotambura mumufirimu kuti awane nzira yekuzvibvisa pane "zvishuwo zvisiri zvemuzvarirwo" asi pakupedzisira anopa nguva nenguva, achisarudza vakadzi vakanaka sevamubata kusanganisira Lili, mukadzi wechidiki akaunzwa kuCountess pasi pechirevo chinonyengera che modelling.

Sezvingatarisirwa, Marya anoparadzwa pamagumo efirimu mushure mekupfurwa nepamoyo nemuseve wedanda.

Gare gare muna1972, Hammer Horror yakaburitsa yakavimbika kwazvo kuchinjika kwenyaya yakanzi Vampire Vanoda, ino nguva naIngrid Pitt mukutungamira. Nyundo yakaburitsa zvimire zvese, ichisimudzira hunhu hwenyaya yenyaya uye hukama pakati paCarmilla neiye akabatwa / mudiwa. Iyi firimu yaive chikamu cheiyo Karnstein trilogy iyo yakawedzera pamusoro pengano dzenyaya yekutanga yaLe Fanu uye ndokuunza chirevo chevabonde kune kumberi.

carmilla akaita kusvetuka muanime muma 2000's Vampire Hunter D: Ropa iyo inoratidza archetypal vampire seyepakati protagonist. Iye, pakutanga kwenyaya, akaparadzwa naDracula, iye, asi mweya wake unorarama uye uchiedza kuunza kumuka kwake kuburikidza nekushandisa ropa remhandara.

Vakanga vasiri ivo chete vagadziri vemafirimu vakawana kurudziro yavo munyaya, zvakadaro.

Muna 1991, Aircel Comics yakaburitsa nhanhatu-yakabuda, nhema uye chena, yakanyanyisa kukwiridzira nyaya yacho yakanzi. Carmilla.

Mubayiro-anokunda munyori Theodora Goss akabhenekera chinyorwa pane rondedzero yenyaya yekutanga murungano rwake Kufamba kweEuropean kune Anotyisa Nyoro. Iyo novel yaive yechipiri mune akateedzana emabhuku akanzi Iwo Anoshamisa Adventures eiyo Athena Kirabhu iyo inotarisa kuvana veimwe yemabhuku ane mukurumbira "masayendisiti anopenga" achirwa kurwa kwakanaka uye kudzivirirana kubva kune akapererwa Muzvinafundo Abraham Van Helsing nemazano ake.

Mune inova, Athena Kirabhu inowana Carmilla naLaura vachirarama hupenyu hunofadza pamwe chete uye vaviri vacho vanozopedzisira vabatsira iyo kirabhu mune yavo yekushanya uye yaive chokwadi mweya wemhepo yakachena kunhaka yenovela.

Vampire uye LGBTQ Nharaunda

Ini handizive pachokwadi kuti Sheridan Le Fanu akatanga kupenda nemaune sevabonde sevanyengeri uye vakaipa, asi ndinofunga kuti aishanda kubva kumagariro mazano enguva yake uye kuverenga nyaya yake kunotipa nzwisiso yakanangana nezve izvo Sangano reIrish rakafunga nezve "mumwe"

Kuti mukadzi ave akaderera pane munhukadzi, kutora chinzvimbo chesimba, uye kusazvinetsa nemhuri uye kubereka vana zvaive zvisinganzwike muIreland panguva iyoyo, asi zvaive zvichishoropodzwa munzvimbo zhinji dzevanhu. Vakadzi ava vaitaridzwa nekwakawanda kusavimba, zvirokwazvo, asi Le Fanu paakatora iwo maonero eimwe nhanho nekuvadzosera kuzvikara, zvakatora mwenje wakasiyana zvachose.

Ndakagara ndichinetseka kuti carmilla yakanga isina kunyorwa ichipindura zvakananga kurufu rwemukadzi wavo neimwe nzira. Zvingave here kuti kudzikira kwake mu "kukwiririsa kwehasha" sekudanwa kwavakaitwa panguva iyoyo uye kunamatira kwake kuchinamato sezvo hutano hwake hwainge hwaderera zvaikurudzira hunhu hwaLaura?

Zvisinei nezvavanovavarira pakutanga, Sheridan Le Fanu akasunga zvisina kufanira ngochani kumhuka dzesango dzinoparadza uye pfungwa idzodzo dzakapfuuridzirwa munzira dzakaipa nedzakanaka kuburikidza nemuzana ramakumi maviri kusvika muzana ramakumi maviri nerimwe.

Mabhuku, mafirimu, uye hunyanzvi zvakajairika zvinopa mazano. Izvo zvese zviratidziro uye zvinokonzeresa mukati mevanhu, uye trope iyi inotsungirira nechikonzero. Kuita zvepabonde uye kuisa rondedzero inokanganisa kunodzora kubva mukugona kwehukama hwakanaka pakati pevakadzi vaviri uye kunoidzikisira kuhukama hwepanyama.

Akange asiri wekutanga uye kure nekupedzisira uyo akapenda mufananidzo weiyo vampire yemvura yepabonde. Anne Rice akaita runyoro rwekunyora marevhista emhando yepamusoro akazadzwa navo. Mumanovelisi eRice, zvisinei, hazvisi izvo zvebonde zvinoita kuti munhu ave "akanaka" kana "akaipa" vampire. Pane kudaro, izvo zvirimo zvehunhu hwavo uye mabatiro avanobata vamwe vavo.

Kunyangwe zvese izvi, ini ndichiri kukurudzira kuverenga iyo novella. carmilla inyaya inonakidza uye hwindo mune yakapfuura nharaunda yedu.