** YeMupepeti Chiziviso: Iyo Queer Gothic Foundation yeNhasi Horror chikamu cheyedu inoenderera nhevedzano pa Unotyisa Mwedzi Unodada, kujekesa kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda yeGBBTQ mukuumba mhando.

Pane chimwe chinhu chakazvarwa chakashata nezve iyo Gothic inotyisa nyaya. Pamwe ndeavo vane hunhu uye mahutsi akafukidzwa. Pamwe, ndivo varume nevakadzi vakapfeka zvakanaka.

Chinhu chimwe chiri pachena, zvisinei, pakutsvagisa nekudzidza iwo magwaro: kunyorwa kweidzo dzinosemesa ngano dzakadzimadzika izvo zvinotyisa nhasi, uye mazhinji emaoko akabata mapeni ekugadzira aive, ivo pachavo, queer.

Pazasi iwe unowana runyorwa rwevamwe vevanyori vanoshamisa.

horace walpole

Kudzokera kumashure mazana matatu emakore, tinoona Iyo Nhare yeOtranto. Yakanyanya kufungidzirwa kekutanga kechiGothic, nyaya yakanyorwa naHoratio "Horace" Walpole, 4th Earl weOrford. Walpole aive mwanakomana weMutungamiri weBritish wekutanga, uye kubva pahupenyu hwake hwepakutanga zvaive pachena kuti anga asiri "akajairika" nemagariro ezvenguva iyoyo.

Vazhinji vakafungidzira kuti Walpole aive ngochani, kunyangwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vachipokana kuti anogona kunge anga ari bonde sezvo airatidzika kunge asingaratidze chishuwo chakasimba kune chero munhu. Zvaifungidzirwawo kuti iye, sevamwe vanyori vazhinji vakakurukurwa pano, akatanga kunyora nyaya dzinotyisa sekodhi nekuti ivo vaisakwanisa kutaura pachena nezve kwavo kuita bonde nekuda kwekusarongeka kweungochani.

Walpole aizivikanwa kuti aipedza nguva nevakadzi vakaita saMary Berry, munyori asiri wengano wenguva iyo vazhinji vaimutumidza zita rekuti ngochani, iye amene nekuda kwekuramba kwake kuroora kwakawanda uye kushoropodza kwakasimba tsika dzewanano. Mune mamwe mazwi, vakadzi avo vaisanyanya kuratidza kumuda.

Iyo inoverengeka, pachayo, yakagadza mazhinji ezvinhu uye aesthetics zviripo mukati meazvino maGoth tsika nhasi kusanganisa nyaya inotyisa uye inokatyamadza neimwe medieval flair, uye huwandu hwakawanda hwevanyori mune ramangwana vaizove nechikwereti chakakura kunhoroondo yaWalpole sezvo ichiisa iyo hwaro hwemanoveli avo.

William Thomas Beckford

Kufambira mberi munguva, tinowana William Thomas Beckford, zvakare weEngland.

Akazvarwa muna 1760, Beckford aizozadza akati wandei mabasa muhupenyu hwake semunyori wenhau, wezvematongerwo enyika, art patron, mutsoropodzi uye wekufamba munyori. Aive, sezvaitarisirwa kwaari, akaroora uye muchato wakazobereka vanasikana vaviri.

Zvisinei, sekunyora kwaizoita Lord Byron munhetembo yake "To Dives-A Fragment", Beckford "akanyengererwa kuzviito zvakatukwa" uye "akarohwa nenyota" isingabvumirwe yeCrime isina zita. " Nyanzvi yaByron EH Coleridge akataura muunganidzwa wake wemabasa aByron kuti mitsara iyi yakanyorwa zvakanyanya nezve Beckford. Haisi kusvetuka zvachose kuverenga mitsara seyakarekodhi chirevo kune Beckford's queer zvishuwo.

Chokwadi, Beckford akapedza makore akati wandei ari muhunhapwa nekuda kwerudo rweungochani rwaaive narwo nemurume wechidiki anonzi William "Kitty" Courteney. Kunyangwe vaisagona kuve pamwe chete, Beckford akanyora William kazhinji uye akati wandei etsamba idzodzo akaunganidzwa muvhoriyamu yakanzi Wangu Mudiwa Mukomana: Ngochani Rudo Tsamba kuburikidza nemazana emakore.

Pakati pezvinyorwa zvizhinji zveBekford paive neruzivo Vathek, isinganzwisisike uye inokanganisa ngano yeGothic iyo titular hunhu inokanda kure kunamatira kwake kuIslam uye inozvipa iyo kune iyo litany yezvinyadzo zvebonde mukutsvaga kwesimba masimba. Kana izvo zviito zvikaita sekusabudirire, anotendeukira kuzviito zvinotyisa zvinosanganisira kupira vana makumi mashanu mukutsvaga simba.

Beckford yakadhonza kubva kune yakawanda masosi mukugadzira Vathek kusanganisira Quran nenhau dzeMabvazuva dzaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Akawedzera zvekare zvakavanzika, Jinn remoto uye kunyange Mwarikadzi Bilqis uyo akataurwa mumagwaro ezvitendero akawanda. Nhasi, inoonekwa seimwe yemabasa ekutanga erima fantasy mabhuku.

Francis Lathom

Akazvarwa muna 1774, makore gumi nemana chete mushure meBekford, Francis Lathom akazove mukurumbira wechiGothic munyori wenhau uye mutambi wemitambo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akakomberedza kuberekwa kwake aive akasviba zvakanyanya, asi isu tinoziva kuti akatanga basa rake rekunyora muNorwich muna 14.

Muna 1797, akasangana ndokuroora Diana Ganning, uye pamwe chete vaive nevana vana, asi muna 1810, akatiza muchato, uye runyerekupe rwenguva rwakanongedzera kune kwake kudanana ngochani sechikonzero chekubva kwake kamwe kamwe uye kusingatsanangurike.

Basa rake rekunyora rakapera panguva imwe chete, asi nekutenda, akange atoburitsa akati wandei maGothic enganonyorwa ayo aizobatsira kuumba rudzi rwacho munguva dzinouya. Pakati peavo, inozivikanwa kwazvo uye inogamuchirwa yaive Bhero repakati pehusiku.

Mune inozha, murume wechidiki anonzi Alphonsus Cohenburg akatanga danho rekutora zvekare zvivakwa zvake. Matangwe maviri ekutanga ebhuku anoteedzera zvese trope yenyaya yekutsvaga nyaya sezvo Alphonsus anotora akasiyana mabasa paakahwanda kusanganisira neiya remusoja uye gare gare mugodhi.

Ndiyo yekupedzisira yechitatu yenhoroondo, zvisinei, iyo yakasimbisa mukurumbira wayo sequintessential Gothic inotyisa nyaya. Iyo inoverengeka inoerekana izere nemifananidzo ye gothic mukati meimba yeCohenburg uye inosanganisira nyaya dzezvipenga avo vanozove cabal yemamonki akaipa anosangana muchivande pane iyo pfuma.

Musoro unoreva bhero rinobhadhara kudaidza iwo mamonki kune avo erima tsika.

Iyo novel yaive ine mukurumbira munguva yayo uye Jane Austen akaisanganisira seimwe ye "anotyisa enganonyorwa" yaanotaura maari Northanger Abbey.

Chero ani akaona chero eakaora mafirimu eHammer Horror ema60s anogona nyore kuongorora zvinokwezva zvaLathom.

Matthew Lewis

Kusiyana nevamwe vanyori pane ino runyorwa, hapana humbowo chaihwo hwekuti Matthew "Monk" Lewis akamboita zveungochani iye. Nyaya iyi ndeye yakamhan'arwa, nehumboo kubva kumativi ese enharo anosvika pasina mhedziso chaidzo. Iyo nharo inoenderera nanhasi zvisinei.

Kushaya humbowo chaihwo, inyaya yemusoro wake, uye kwete hupenyu hwake chaihwo, zvinomuwana akaiswa pano.

Ruzivo rwakakurumbira rwaLewis, The Monk, yakanyorwa paakanga achingova nemakore gumi nematanhatu ekuberekwa uye yainyadzisa kubva pakutanga mukurwisa kwayo chiKatorike uye kuratidzwa kwayo kwekupfeka-kuyambuka, kushomeka kwechikadzi, uye hukama hwevanhurume nevarume.

Iyo zano re The Monk yakakanganiswa uye yakaoma seyese yandakamboverenga ichiita chitsauko chipfupi chisakwanisike. Unogona kuwana pfupiso izere pa Wikipedia, zvisinei.

Iyo inopenya uye inotyisa seyese yerudzi rwayo yandakamboverenga, uye inofanira kunge iri pane inodiwa kuverenga zvinyorwa kune chero munhu anoverenga munhoroondo yenhoroondo yekutyisa.

Joseph Sheridan LeFanu

Saka inotanga chikamu cheIrish cheichi chinyorwa.

Sheridan Le Fanu, sekuzivikanwa kwaaizoitwa nehunyanzvi, akaberekerwa muIreland muna 1814, uye munguva yehupenyu hwake aizozivikanwa semumwe wevatauri vechipoko uye nyaya dzinotyisa dzezera rake.

Nepo zhinji dzenyaya dzake dzichinyatso kuziva kusvika nhasi, ndiyo novella yake carmilla izvo zvinomuunza kune urwu runyorwa.

Iyo ngano inotaurirwa nemutambi wayo, Laura, uye inosanganisira mukadzi vampire anonzi Carmilla uyo Laura anozviwana achinakidzwa. Kunyangwe Le Fanu achinyora neimwe huwandu hwekutarisisa nezvehunhu chaihwo hwevatambi vake, kukwezva kwaLaura kunogoneka uye hunhu hwehukama hwake naCarmilla hunodonha kubva papeji.

Iyo inoveli yakashanda sosi sosi yemafirimu akawanda uye nhanho kuchinjika, uye yave muyero wegoridhe kune vamwe vakaedza ruoko rwavo pakunyora lesbian vampire novels.

Oscar Wilde

Kunyange vazhinji vachifunga nezvaOscar Wilde ane hunyanzvi uye kuseka, mumwe haafanire kukanganwa kuti akanyora akakurumbira zvikuru Mufananidzo weDorian Grey.

Pamwe hapana rimwe bhuku rakambonyatsoratidza kusarudzika kwenharaunda yevanhurume nehudiki uye humhutu pamwe nenyaya yaWilde yemunhu asinganzwisisike Dorian Grey uyo ane pikicha yake yemakore ese gore rimwe nerimwe sezvo achingori mudiki uye akanaka.

Wilde akatora mikana yekuti vamwe vashoma vakashinga muhupenyu hwake, achirarama hupenyu hwake pachena sezvinobvira, zvichikonzera kusungwa kwake "kwakashata" kwemakore maviri, mutongo wakakura unotenderwa panguva iyoyo.

Kuzvidzivirira kwake kwekutaura uye kwekuzvidzivirira panguva yekutongwa kwake ndezvimwe zvezvinyorwa uye akakurira nenzira kwayo kuchiratidzo munharaunda yenharaunda kusvika nanhasi.

Kuchera zvakadzika mukati Mufananidzo weDorian Grey, iyo yakaburitswa makore mashanu asati asungwa, tinowana inoverengeka iyo yakaburitswa mushanduro dzakasiyana siyana ichitanga kubuda mumagazini yemwedzi nemwedzi umo iyo inoburitsa yakadzima angangoita mazana mashanu emashoko nekutya migumisiro yepamutemo pahunhu hwayo hunofungidzirwa.

Iyo yakazovandudzwa uye ikaburitswa muchimiro cheinovhiya, zvakare mune dzakasiyana shanduro, nekuda kwenyaya yacho.

Dorian murume wechidiki anotya kukuvadzwa kwezera mushure mekudonha musungano naIshe Henry Wotton. Sezvo kutya kwake kuchikura, anoshuvira kutengesa mweya wake kuti atize kukwegura uye kufa, uye sezvazvinowanzoitika mune idzi nyaya, chishuwo chake chinopihwa.

Grey anova wekupedzisira Libertine, achirarama hupenyu hwakashata nekuda kwerunako rwake rukuru rwusingambofa, kunyangwe mufananidzo wake uchiramba uchidaro, achiratidza zviratidzo zvemakore ake uye nemubhadharo wezvivi zvake zvakawanda pamuviri wake.

Sezvo mhedzisiro yehupenyu hwake inotanga kumubata, Dorian anotsamwa mumwe manheru ndokutora banga kuenda kupendi, achiribaya nepamoyo. Kuchema kwake kunonzwika mumugwagwa uye kana mutumbi wake waonekwa, zviri kupfuura zvemurume achembera, anorwara apo pendi yadzoserwa kunzvimbo yayo yepakutanga.

Iyo nyaya yave iri sosi yekushandurwa kwakawanda mumakore angangoita zana nemakumi matatu kubva payakaburitswa yepakutanga uye ichienderera mberi ichimutsa fungidziro nanhasi.

Bram Stoker

Ndofunga ndakangonzwa mweya unonzwika.

Kune vazhinji, nhau dzekuti Bram Stoker aive akavharirwa ngochani murume anouya sekuvhundutsa, asi ichokwadi zvechokwadi. Munyori we Dracula akatanga kunyora runyorwa panguva iyo shamwari yake yaaida Oscar Wilde achiiswa pamberi pekutongwa kwekusazvibata kwakakomba.

Hupenyu hwakavanzika hwengochani hwakafukunurwa uye hwakanyorwa nezvazvo zvakadzama naDavid J. Skal mubhuku rake Chinhu chiri muRopa: Iyo Isingazivikanwe Nyaya yaBram Stoker, Murume Akanyora Dracula.

Mariri, Skal achishungurudza pamwe chete hupenyu hwemunyori mukuru anonongedzera kwete chete kune hushamwari hwake naWilde, asi zvakare nehukama hwake husingaperi uye hwakasimba newaanoshanda naye munyori Hall Caine. Tsamba dzake dzinomhanya-mhanya kuna Walt Whitman, zvisinei, idzo dzinotipa nzwisiso huru muhupenyu hwakavanzika hwaStoker's uye zvishuwo zvake.

Akanyorera Whitman kuti aishuvira kuve "wechisikigo" pamberi pemunyori, achidana Whitman "murume wechokwadi" achitaura kuti angave anoda kuve "mudzidzi pamberi paTenzi wake" pamberi paWhiteman.

Neruzivo urwu, zvimwe zvinhu zvinobva zvajeka kana uchiverenga yemunyori seminal novel. Inonyanya kutekeshera muhukama hwaDracula naHarker apo vachati veCamp vampiric vanosvika murume akanaka, Dracula anomudzivirira kubva kwavari, achiti "Murume uyu ndewangu!"

Ehezve mukurumbira we Dracula iri kugara uye ichinyatso kuongorora inogona kunyatso kuverengerwa senganonyorwa inogumburudza kumira kwayo kubva pamapeji ekutanga chaiwo. Iyo yazvino inotyisa genre ine chikwereti chakakura naBram Stoker.

Rosa Campbell Akarumbidzwa

Rosa Campbell Akarumbidzwa aive mukadzi anoshamisa.

Akazvarwa muAustralia muna 1851, Praed akanyora pamhando dzakasiyana siyana achimbundira tsika dzakasiyana-siyana munguva iyo zvaisanzwika. Aive mumwe wevanyori vekutanga kuisa mavara echiAborigine mukunyora kwake uye kuzviita zvine chiremerera hapana akamboona.

Nyaya yake ndeye yekungogara achinja uye achichinja, asi chinhu chimwe chatinoziva ndechekuti akararama kwemakore makumi matatu nemusvikiro wezvemweya anonzi Nancy Harward, uye yaive panguva iyoyo yaakashandura chinyoreso chake kuita nyaya dzechipoko uye naka ngano senge yake yenhau Nyria iyo, yakazoburitswa pachena, yaive yakavakirwa pane iyo nyaya dzakarondedzerwa nesvikiro mukutota.

Akazoburitsa kuverenga kwese kwemisangano kwakarondedzera zvakaitika kune mumwe musikana mudiki anonzi Nyria aigara muRome makore angangoita 1800 apfuura.

Iyo novel uye yekupedzisira kuburitswa kwezvakanyorwa zveiyo yepakati trance basa yakauya pakukwirira kwesangano remweya uye nyaya dzayo dzezvamashiripiti uye kuzvarwa patsva dzakabatsira kuumba ramangwana, kwete chete enoverengeka uye kutaura nyaya, asiwo mufirimu.